According to the Bank for International Settlements, forex markets are more highly traded than any other, with trillions of dollars of currencies bought and sold each day. In this page, we’ll cover how you can find out what makes it so popular first hand.
Get started below, or jump ahead to a section:
- How currency markets work
- How to start trading forex
- Forex pair categories
- What moves forex markets
- Forex FAQs
How do currency markets work?
Currency markets work via a global network of banks, business and individuals that are constantly buying and selling currencies with one another. Unlike most financial assets – such as shares or commodities – the foreign exchange market has no physical location and trades 24 hours a day.
This is called an over-the-counter market, and it means that currency prices are constantly fluctuating in value against each other, potentially offering a greater number of trading opportunities.
There are four main forex trading hubs: London, Tokyo, New York and Sydney. When trading stops in one, it starts in another.
However, forex is also traded across Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Singapore and Paris.
At City Index, you can speculate on the future direction of currencies, taking either a long (buy) or short (sell) position depending on whether you think a forex pair’s value will go up or down.
Forex trading examples
For more information on how forex trading works, look through our list of forex trading examples.
To start trading forex, you’ll need to get to know a few key concepts and terms. Let’s take a look at each in turn.
Base currencies and quote currencies
You'll always trade forex in pairs. That means when you buy one currency, you do so by selling another. And when you sell one currency, you do so by buying another.
When you buy EUR/USD, for example, you're buying the euro while selling the US dollar.
The two currencies in a pair are known as the base and the quote.
- The base is the first currency. In EUR/USD, it is the euro
- The quote is the second currency. In EUR/USD, it is the dollar
FX pair
EUR |
USD |
|---|---|
| The base currency, in this case the euro (EUR) | The quote currency, in this case the US dollar (USD) |
A forex pair tells you how much of the quote currency you'll need to exchange for a single unit of the base. If EUR/USD is trading at 1.1810, then you'll need to sell 1.1810 USD to buy a single euro.
Forex traders look to take advantage of changes in the relative value of the base and quote currency in a pair. You could, for instance, buy euros for dollars when EUR/USD is at 1.1810. If the euro strengthens against the US dollar, then your euros will be worth more dollars – so can sell euros for dollars and keep the difference as profit.
If EUR/USD had dropped in price, though, you might have to sell your euros for less than you bought them. In this case, you would make a loss.
For more information on pairs, take a look at our What is forex trading? page.
Pips, lots and margin
Pips measure how much a forex pair has moved. A single pip is equivalent to a one-digit move in the fourth number after the decimal point. If EUR/USD moves from 1.1810 to 1.1817, it has gone up seven pips.
One key exception to this rule is when the Japanese yen is the quote currency. In this case, a pip is calculated as a one-digit move in the second number after the decimal point. If USD/JPY moves from 110.05 to 110.01, it has fallen four pips.
As you may have noticed, even a 50-pip move won't earn you much if you trade 100 or 500 units of currency. That’s why most FX traders buy and sell forex in lots – batches of currencies that enable you to take advantage of even relatively small price moves.
To avoid having to tie up all their capital when opening one position, most forex traders use leverage. With leverage, you only have to put up a fraction of your position's full value to open a trade. The amount you are required to put up is known as your margin.
Find out more about forex leverage and margin.
How to start trading forex
1. Choose a currency pair
The first step to opening a forex trade is to decide which currency pair you wish to trade. There are over 80 to choose from.
Forex pair categories
There are three main categories of forex pair: majors, minors (or major crosses) and exotics.
- Majors consist of the world’s biggest currencies against the US dollar and make up around 85% of forex trading volume. The majors are EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, AUD/USD, USD/CHF and USD/CAD
- Minors are all the other combinations of the world’s biggest currencies, such as EUR/GBP and AUD/JPY. These are also often referred to as major cross pairs
- Exotics are pairs that include less-traded currencies, such as the Turkish lira (TRY) or Mexican peso (MXN)
Most new traders will pick one or two major pairs to focus on, often starting out with euro-dollar (EUR/USD). This is the world’s most traded currency pair, and typically has the tightest spreads.
2. Decide how you want to trade forex
There are two main ways to trade forex: derivatives such as spread betting, or spot forex trading. They all enable you to go long and short on currency pairs, but they work in slightly different ways.
FX trade types (EUR/USD)
Spread betting |
Spot FX |
|
|---|---|---|
| Stake size | £'s per point | One lot |
| Profit / loss shown in | Pounds sterling | Quote currency |
| Example (EUR/USD) | £1 per point | $ profit/loss |
| Trade with profit | £1 profit for every point the trade moves in your favour | $1 profit for every point the trade moves in your favour |
| Trade with loss | £1 loss for every point the trade moves against you | $1 loss for every point the trade moves against you |
Types of forex market
In addition to choosing how to trade forex, you can pick a different market for each currency pair. The two main types of forex market are spot and futures.
- The spot market gives the live price of a forex pair
- In the futures market, you agree to settle your trade on a set date in the future
3. Decide to buy or sell your currency
Now you know which currency you’re trading – and how you want to trade it – it’s time to decide whether to go long or short.
All forex is quoted in terms of one currency versus another. As we’ve covered, each currency pair has a ‘base’ currency and a ‘quote’ currency. The base currency is the currency on the left of the currency pair and the quote currency is on the right. Essentially, when trading foreign currencies, you:
BUY a currency pair if you believe that the base currency will strengthen against the quote currency, or the quote currency will weaken against the base currency.
- This is a long position, so your profits will rise if the currency pair’s value rises
- However, for every point the pair falls below your open level, you will incur a loss
SELL a currency pair if you believe that the value of the currency pair will decrease – meaning the base currency will weaken in value against the quote currency, or the quote currency will strengthen against the base currency.
- This is a short position, so your profits will rise if the pair’s price falls
- However, for every point the pair rises above your open level, you will incur a loss
What is the spread in forex trading?
The spread is the difference between the buy and sell prices of a forex pair. When you trade FX, you’ll see two prices listed: the first is the sell price (or bid) and the second is the buy price (or offer). The difference between them is the spread, which covers the cost of the trade.
If you want to go long on a pair, you’ll open your trade at the offer price. Then when you want to close your position, you’ll sell at the bid price. If you’re going short, you’ll do the opposite.
4. Manage your risk
Risk management is crucial for successful forex trading – and a key element of risk management is the use of orders.
There are two main types of order: stop loss orders and take profit orders (sometimes called a limit). Both act as instructions to automatically close a position when its price reaches a specific level predetermined by you.
What is a stop loss order?
A stop loss order is an instruction to close out a trade at a price worse than the current market level and, as the name suggests, is used to help minimise losses. There are three types of stop loss orders: standard, trailing and guaranteed.
A standard stop loss order, once triggered, closes the trade at the best available price. There is a risk therefore that the closing price could be different from the order level if market prices gap.
A guaranteed stop loss however, for which a small premium is charged upon trigger, guarantees to close your trade at the stop loss level you have determined, regardless of any market gapping.
What is a limit order?
A limit order (or take profit) is an instruction to close out a trade at a price that is better than the current market level and is used to help lock in price targets.
Standard stop losses and limit orders are free to place and can be implemented in the dealing ticket when you first place your trade, and you can also attach orders to existing open positions.
Learn more about risk management here.
5. Monitor and close your trade
Once open, your trade’s profit and loss will fluctuate as the market’s price moves.
You can track market prices, see your unrealised profit/loss update in real time, attach orders to open positions and add new trades or close existing trades from your computer or smartphone.
When you are ready to close your trade, you do the opposite to the opening trade. If you bought three CFDs to open, you would sell three CFDs to close. By closing the trade, your net open profit and loss will be realised and immediately reflected in your account cash balance.
Please note that City Index Spread Betting and CFD accounts are FIFO. To read more about this please visit our help and support section.
What moves forex markets?
One important aspect of trading currencies is learning what affects their prices. Remember, forex pair prices will move based on the relative strengths of both currencies – so keep an eye out for any developments that might move either the base or the quote when trading.
Here are a few factors that often move currency markets:
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